Abstract
There is evidence for increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes among cigarette
smokers. In addition, smoking-associated health risks can exacerbate major conditions
that precede or accompany diabetes, such as cardiovascular and kidney diseases. Smoking
cessation can result in weight gain and a short-term worsening of some diabetic symptoms
that may deter smokers with diabetes from attempting to quit. Additionally, there
is limited evidence regarding the efficacy/safety of smoking cessation pharmacotherapies
in this population and the general effects of smoking cessation, particularly for
type 1 diabetes. Smoking cessation in diabetes therefore remains a highly relevant
subject for further research.
Keywords
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Diabetes Research and Clinical PracticeAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Preventing cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes: a common agenda for the American Cancer Society, the American Diabetes Association, and the American Heart Association.Circulation. 2004; 109: 3244-3255
- Incidence of new-onset diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in patients with recent myocardial infarction and the effect of clinical and lifestyle risk factors.Lancet. 2007; 370: 667-675
- Diabetic patients who smoke: are they different?.Ann. Fam. Med. 2004; 2: 26-32
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2004 Surgeon General's Report—The Health Consequences of Smoking. http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/sgr_2004/chapters.htm (accessed 1.05.08).
- Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update. Clinical Practice Guideline.Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Rockville, MD, U.S.May 2008
- The diagnosis of a smoking-related disease is a prominent trigger for smoking cessation in a retrospective cohort study.J. Clin. Epidemiol. 2006; 59: 82-89
- A cross-sectional study comparing the motivation for smoking cessation in apparently healthy patients who smoke to those who smoke and have ischaemic heart disease, hypertension or diabetes.Fam. Pract. 1999; 16: 608-610
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Diabetes data and trends. http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/DDTSTRS/default.aspx (accessed 1.05.08).
- The gap between guidelines and practice in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. A nationwide survey in Norway.Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2008; 80: 314-320
- Beliefs about smoking and diabetes care.Diabetes Educ. 1994; 20: 410-415
- Prospects for smoking cessation among people with insulin-dependent diabetes.Patient Educ. Couns. 1998; 34: 257-266
- Effects of smoking on the incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Replication and extension in a Japanese cohort of male employees.Am. J. Epidemiol. 1997; 145: 103-109
- Cigarette smoking and risk for impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes in middle-aged Japanese men.Ann. Intern. Med. 2000; 133: 183-191
- A prospective study of cigarette smoking and the incidence of diabetes mellitus among US male physicians.Am. J. Med. 2000; 109: 538-542
- Smoking as a modifiable risk factor for type 2 diabetes in middle-aged men.Diabetes Care. 2001; 24: 1590-1595
- Active smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.JAMA. 2007; 298: 2654-2664
- Cigarette smoking, oral moist snuff use and glucose intolerance.J. Intern. Med. 2000; 248: 103-110
- Circulatory disease and smokeless tobacco in Western populations: a review of the evidence.Int. J. Epidemiol. 2007; 36: 789-804
- Influence of smoking and snus on the prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes amongst men: the northern Sweden MONICA study.J. Intern. Med. 2004; 256: 101-110
- Glucose tolerance and smoking: a population study of oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests in middle-aged men.Diabetologia. 1983; 25: 86-88
- The effect of smoking on serum somatotropin, immunoreactive insulin and blood glucose levels of young adult males.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1973; 184: 787-791
- Cigarette smoking and insulin resistance in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1997; 82: 3619-3624
- Smoking is associated with increased HbA1c values and microalbuminuria in patients with diabetes—data from the National Diabetes Register in Sweden.Diabetes Metab. 2004; 30: 261-268
- Cigarette smoking and glycaemia: the EPIC-Norfolk Study. European prospective investigation into cancer.Int. J. Epidemiol. 2001; 30: 547-554
- Smoking is associated with increased hepatic lipase activity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and early atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes.Atherosclerosis. 2001; 156: 373-378
- Metabolic control and prevalent cardiovascular disease in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM): The NIDDM Patient Outcome Research Team.Am. J. Med. 1997; 102: 38-47
- Cigarette smoking and diabetes.Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2003; 45: 405-413
- Smoking and risk of coronary heart disease among women with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Arch. Intern. Med. 2002; 162: 273-279
- The UKPDS risk engine: a model for the risk of coronary heart disease in type II diabetes (UKPDS 56).Clin. Sci. (London). 2001; 101: 671-679
- Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for death from stroke. Prospective study of the middle-aged Finnish population.Stroke. 1996; 27: 210-215
- UKPDS 60: risk of stroke in type 2 diabetes estimated by the UK Prospective Diabetes Study risk engine.Stroke. 2002; 33: 1776-1781
- Management outcomes of patients with type 2 diabetes: targeting the 10-year absolute risk of coronary heart disease.Med. J. Aust. 2007; 186: 622-624
- The compelling case for smoking cessation in diabetics.Circulation. 1990; 82: 299-301
- Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus mortality. The risk of cigarette smoking.Circulation. 1990; 82: 37-43
- Predictors of mortality in insulin dependent diabetes: 10 year observational follow up study.BMJ. 1996; 313: 779-784
- Smokers with IDDM experience excess morbidity. The Colorado IDDM Registry.Diabetes Care. 1992; 15: 947-952
- Influence of cigarette-smoking on the progression of clinical diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients.Clin. Nephrol. 1997; 48: 146-150
- Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for nephropathy and its progression in type 2 diabetes mellitus.Diabetes, Nutr. Metab. 2001; 14: 337-342
- Smoking: a factor promoting onset and progression of diabetic nephropathy.Diabetes Metab. 2000; 26: 54-63
- Cigarette smoking exacerbates and its cessation ameliorates renal injury in type 2 diabetes.Am. J. Med. Sci. 2004; 327: 57-67
- Cigarette smoking and diabetic nephropathy.Contrib. Nephrol. 2000; 130: 85-93
- Cigarette smoking and neuropathy in diabetic patients.Diabetes Care. 1990; 13: 434-437
- The prevalence of neuropathy and relationship with risk factors in diabetic patients: a single-center experience.Med. Princ. Pract. 2006; 15: 190-194
- UKPDS 50: risk factors for incidence and progression of retinopathy in type II diabetes over 6 years from diagnosis.Diabetologia. 2001; 44: 156-163
- Glycaemic control and development of retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a longitudinal study.Diabetes Med. 1998; 15: 151-155
- Retinopathy in newly presenting non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetic patients.Diabetes Res. 1988; 9: 59-65
- Increase in circulating products of lipid peroxidation in smokers with IDDM.Diabetes Care. 1996; 19: 1233-1236
- Smoking is associated with progression of diabetic nephropathy.Diabetes Care. 1994; 17: 126-131
- Increase in circulating products of lipid peroxidation (F2-isoprostanes) in smokers. Smoking as a cause of oxidative damage.N. Engl. J. Med. 1995; 332: 1198-1203
- Modulation of oxidant stress in vivo in chronic cigarette smokers.Circulation. 1996; 94: 19-25
- The relationship between smoking and microvascular complications in the EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study.Diabetes Care. 1995; 18: 785-792
- Severe hypoglycemia and smoking in a long-term type 1 diabetic population: Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy.Diabetes Care. 2007; 30: 1437-1441
- Cigarette smoking and diabetes mellitus: evidence of a positive association from a large prospective cohort study.Int. J. Epidemiol. 2001; 30: 540-546
- Smoking cessation and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Korea Medical Insurance Corporation Study.Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil. 2007; 14: 244-249
- Cigarette smoking and diabetes mellitus.Diabetes Metab. 2004; 30: 161-166
- Smoking cessation and glycaemic control in type 2 diabetic patients.Diabetes, Obes. Metab. 2004; 6: 181-186
- Smoking, diabetes and hyperlipidaemia.J. R. Soc. Health. 1998; 118: 91-93
- The effect of smoking cessation and subsequent resumption on absorption of inhaled insulin.Diabetes Care. 2006; 29: 277-282
- Associations between smoking and body weight in the US population: analysis of NHANES II.Am. J. Public Health. 1987; 77: 439-444
- Smoking-induced metabolic disorders: a review.Diabetes Metab. 2008;
- Consequences of smoking for body weight, body fat distribution, and insulin resistance.Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008; 87: 801-809
- The insulin resistance syndrome in smokers is related to smoking habits.Arterioscler. Thromb. 1994; 14: 1946-1950
- The insulin resistance syndrome and postprandial lipid intolerance in smokers.Atherosclerosis. 1997; 129: 79-88
- Smoking cessation improves insulin sensitivity in healthy middle-aged men.Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 1997; 27: 450-456
- The impact of 3-year changes in lifestyle habits on metabolic syndrome parameters: the D.E.S.I.R study.Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil. 2006; 13: 334-340
- Incidence of type 2 diabetes in the randomized multiple risk factor intervention trial.Ann. Intern. Med. 2005; 142: 313-322
- Smoking cessation in patients with diabetes mellitus: results from a controlled study of an intervention programme in primary healthcare in Sweden.Scand. J. Prim. Health Care. 2006; 24: 75-80
- Intervention study for smoking cessation in diabetic patients: a randomized controlled trial in both clinical and primary care settings.Diabetes Care. 2000; 23: 1455-1460
- Behaviour therapy versus doctor's anti-smoking advice in diabetic patients.J. Intern. Med. 1993; 234: 407-409
- Integrated tobacco cessation counseling in a diabetes self-management training program: a randomized trial of diabetes and reduction of tobacco.Diabetes Educ. 2006; 32: 562-570
- Effectiveness of the diabetes education and self management for ongoing and newly diagnosed (DESMOND) programme for people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: cluster randomised controlled trial.BMJ. 2008; 336: 491-495
National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE), Guidance on the use of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and bupropion for smoking cessation. http://www.nice.org.uk/TA039 (accessed 1.04.08).
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), [email protected] http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm (accessed 1.04.08).
National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE), Final appraisal determination: Varenicline for smoking cessation. http://guidance.nice.org.uk/page.aspx?o=431473 (accessed 1.04.08).
- Safety profile of a nicotine lozenge compared with that of nicotine gum in adult smokers with underlying medical conditions: a 12-week, randomized, open-label study.Clin. Ther. 2005; 27: 1571-1587
Zyban Prescribing Information. http://us.gsk.com/products/assets/us_zyban.pdf (accessed 1.04.08).
- Varenicline may trigger severe hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetes.Diabetes Med. 2008;
Pfizer Inc. Chantix® (varenicline) Tablets U.S. Prescribing Information. http://media.pfizer.com/files/products/uspi_chantix.pdf (accessed 27.06.08).
- Understanding the potential of teachable moments: the case of smoking cessation.Health Educ. Res. 2003; 18: 156-170
- An investigation of beliefs about smoking among diabetes patients: information for improving cessation efforts.Patient Educ. Couns. 1990; 15: 181-189
- Awareness and use of smoking cessation treatments among diabetic patients.Diabetes Med. 2005; 22: 658-660
- Difficulties of smoking cessation in diabetic inpatients benefiting from a systematic consultation to help them to give up smoking.Diabetes Metab. 2006; 32: 435-441
- Smoking status and psychosocial variables in type 1 diabetes mellitus.Addict. Behav. 2001; 26: 21-29
Nicorette nasal spray prescribing information. http://emc.medicines.org.uk/ (accessed 25.09.08).
Nicorette inhaler prescribing information. http://emc.medicines.org.uk/ (accessed 25.09.08).
Nicorette patch prescribing information. http://emc.medicines.org.uk/ (accessed 25.09.08).
Nicorette gum prescribing information. http://emc.medicines.org.uk/ (accessed 25.09.08).
Article info
Publication history
Published online: May 08, 2009
Accepted:
April 9,
2009
Received in revised form:
March 27,
2009
Received:
October 13,
2008
Identification
Copyright
© 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
