Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice
Volume 89, Issue 1 , Pages 88-93 , July 2010

Latent class analysis of the metabolic syndrome

  • Edward J. Boyko

      Affiliations

    • VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
    • Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author at: 1100 Olive Way, Suite 1400, Seattle, WA 98101, USA. Tel.: +1 206 2774618; fax: +1 206 7642563.
  • ,
  • Rebecca A. Doheny

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
  • ,
  • Marguerite J. McNeely

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
  • ,
  • Steven E. Kahn

      Affiliations

    • VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
    • Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
  • ,
  • Donna L. Leonetti

      Affiliations

    • Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
  • ,
  • Wilfred Y. Fujimoto

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

Received 26 December 2009 ,Revised 15 February 2010 ,Accepted 16 February 2010.

References 

  1. Kaplan NM. The deadly quartet. Upper-body obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypertension. Arch. Intern. Med. 1989;149:1514–1520
  2. Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J. The metabolic syndrome—a new worldwide definition. Lancet. 2005;366:1059–1062
  3. Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ. The metabolic syndrome. Lancet. 2005;365:1415–1428
  4. Chan JC, Cheung JC, Stehouwer CD, Emeis JJ, Tong PC, Ko GT, et al. The central roles of obesity-associated dyslipidaemia, endothelial activation and cytokines in the Metabolic Syndrome—an analysis by structural equation modelling. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 2002;26:994–1008
  5. Meigs JB. Invited commentary: insulin resistance syndrome? Syndrome X? Multiple metabolic syndrome? A syndrome at all? Factor analysis reveals patterns in the fabric of correlated metabolic risk factors. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2000;152:908–911912 discussion
  6. Shen BJ, Todaro JF, Niaura R, McCaffery JM, Zhang J, Spiro A, et al. Are metabolic risk factors one unified syndrome? Modeling the structure of the metabolic syndrome X. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2003;157:701–711
  7. Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J. Metabolic syndrome—a new world-wide definition. A Consensus Statement from the International Diabetes Federation. Diabet. Med. 2006;23:469–480
  8. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart. Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation. 2005;112:2735–2752
  9. Formann AK, Kohlmann T. Latent class analysis in medical research. Stat. Methods Med. Res. 1996;5:179–211
  10. Fujimoto WY, Leonetti DL, Kinyoun JL, Newell-Morris L, Shuman WP, Stolov WC, et al. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance among second-generation Japanese-American men. Diabetes. 1987;36:721–729
  11. Shuman WP, Morris LL, Leonetti DL, Wahl PW, Moceri VM, Moss AA, et al. Abnormal body fat distribution detected by computed tomography in diabetic men. Invest. Radiol. 1986;21:483–487
  12. Han TS, Kelly IE, Walsh K, Greene RM, Lean ME. Relationship between volumes and areas from single transverse scans of intra-abdominal fat measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 1997;21:1161–1166
  13. Schoen RE, Thaete FL, Sankey SS, Weissfeld JL, Kuller LH. Sagittal diameter in comparison with single slice CT as a predictor of total visceral adipose tissue volume. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 1998;22:338–342
  14. Boyko EJ, Fujimoto WY, Leonetti DL, Newell-Morris L. Visceral adiposity and risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study among Japanese Americans. Diabetes Care. 2000;23:465–471
  15. Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 20 (1997) 1183–1197.
  16. Oka R, Miura K, Sakurai M, Nakamura K, Yagi K, Miyamoto S, et al. Comparison of waist circumference with body mass index for predicting abdominal adipose tissue. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2009;83:100–105
  17. Lann D, LeRoith D. Insulin resistance as the underlying cause for the metabolic syndrome. Med. Clin. North Am. 2007;91:1063–1077viii
  18. Garrett ES, Zeger SL. Latent class model diagnosis. Biometrics. 2000;56:1055–1067
  19. J.S. Uebersax, A Practical Guide to Local Dependence in Latent Class Models (Accessed July 7, 2009, at http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/jsuebersax/condep.htm).
  20. J.K. Vermunt, J. Magidson, Latent Class Analysis (Accessed July 7, 2009, at www.statisticalinnovations.com/articles/Latclass.pdf).
  21. Ferrannini E, Balkau B, Coppack SW, Dekker JM, Mari A, Nolan J, et al. Insulin resistance, insulin response, and obesity as indicators of metabolic risk. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2007;92:2885–2892
  22. Boyko EJ. Ruling out or ruling in disease with the most sensitive or specific diagnostic test: short cut or wrong turn?. Med. Decis. Making. 1994;14:175–179
  23. Lawlor DA, Ebrahim S, May M, Davey Smith G. (Mis)use of factor analysis in the study of insulin resistance syndrome. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2004;159:1013–1018
  24. Laakso M. How good a marker is insulin level for insulin resistance?. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1993;137:959–965
  25. Kahn SE, Prigeon RL, McCulloch DK, Boyko EJ, Bergman RN, Schwartz MW, et al. Quantification of the relationship between insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function in human subjects. Evidence for a hyperbolic function. Diabetes. 1993;42:1663–1672

 Grant Support: National Institutes of Health Grants DK-31170, HL-49293, DK-02654, DK-17047, DK-35816, and RR-00037.

PII: S0168-8227(10)00089-6

doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2010.02.013

Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice
Volume 89, Issue 1 , Pages 88-93 , July 2010