Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice
Volume 76, Issue 2 , Pages 163-176 , May 2007

β-Cell preservation with thiazolidinediones

  • Ian W. Campbell

      Affiliations

    • Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy, Fife, Scotland
    • ,
  • Segundo Mariz

      Affiliations

    • Takeda Europe R&D Centre Ltd., London, UK
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +44 2074849000; fax: +44 2077849062.

Received 7 November 2005 ,Revised 25 August 2006 ,Accepted 29 August 2006.

References 

  1. Cerasi E, Luft R. The plasma insulin response to glucose infusion in healthy subjects and in diabetes mellitus. Acta Endocrinol. (Copenh.). 1967;55:278–304
  2. Seltzer HS, Allen EW, Herron AL, Brennan MT. Insulin secretion in response to glycemic stimulus: relation of delayed initial release to carbohydrate intolerance in mild diabetes mellitus. J. Clin. Invest. 1967;46:323–335
  3. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. UK Prospective Diabetes Study 16. Overview of 6 years’ therapy of type II diabetes: a progressive disease. Diabetes. 1995;44:1249–1258
  4. Kahn SE. Clinical review 135: the importance of beta-cell failure in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2001;86:4047–4058
  5. Gastaldelli A, Ferrannini E, Miyazaki Y, Matsuda M, DeFronzo RA. San Antonio metabolism study. Beta-cell dysfunction and glucose intolerance: results from the San Antonio metabolism (SAM) study. Diabetologia. 2004;47:31–39
  6. Ferrannini E, Gastaldelli A, Miyazaki Y, Matsuda M, Mari A, DeFronzo RA. Beta-cell function in subjects spanning the range from normal glucose tolerance to overt diabetes: a new analysis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2005;90:493–500
  7. Pratley RE, Weyer C. The role of impaired early insulin secretion in the pathogenesis of Type II diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 2001;44:929–945
  8. Gianani R, Eisenbarth GS. The stages of type 1A diabetes. Immunol. Rev. 2005;204:232–249
  9. Kahn SE. The relative contributions of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2003;46:3–19
  10. Kloppel G, Mattias L, Habich K, Oberholzer M, Heitz PU. Islet pathology and the pathogenesis of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus revisited. Surv. Synth. Pathol. Res. 1985;4:110–125
  11. Butler AE, Janson J, Bonner-Weir S, Ritzel R, Rizza RA, Butler PC. Beta-cell deficit and increased beta-cell apoptosis in humans with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2003;52:102–110
  12. Buchanan TA. Prevention of type 2 diabetes. What is it really?. Diab. Care. 2003;26:1306–1308
  13. Weir GC, Bonner-Weir S. Five stages of evolving beta-cell dysfunction during progression to diabetes. Diabetes. 2004;53:S16–S21
  14. Buchanan TA. Pancreatic beta-cell loss and preservation in type 2 diabetes. Clin. Ther. 2003;25:B32–B36
  15. Greenberg AS, McDaniel ML. Identifying the links between obesity, insulin resistance and beta-cell function: potential role of adipocyte-derived cytokines in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 2002;32:24–34
  16. Donath MY, Storling J, Maedler K, Mandrup-Poulsen T. Inflammatory mediators and islet beta-cell failure: a link between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. J. Mol. Med. 2003;81:455–470
  17. Eldor R, Raz I. Lipotoxicity versus adipotoxicity-The deleterious effects of adipose tissue on beta cells in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Diab. Res. Clin. Pract. (2006) [Epub ahead of print].
  18. Rhodes CJ. Type 2 diabetes-a matter of beta-cell life and death?. Science. 2005;307:380–384
  19. Briaud I, Dickson LM, Lingohr MK, McCuaig JF, Lawrence JC, Rhodes CJ. Insulin receptor substrate-2 proteasomal degradation mediated by a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-induced negative feedback down-regulates protein kinase B-mediated signaling pathway in beta-cells. J. Biol. Chem. 2005;280:2282–2293
  20. Maedler K, Sergeev P, Ris F, Oberholzer J, Joller-Jemelka HI, Spinas GA, et al. Glucose-induced beta cell production of IL-1beta contributes to glucotoxicity in human pancreatic islets. J. Clin. Invest. 2002;110:851–860
  21. Maedler K, Storling J, Sturis J, Zuellig RA, Spinas GA, Arkhammar PO, et al. Glucose- and interleukin-1beta-induced beta-cell apoptosis requires Ca2+ influx and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 activation and is prevented by a sulfonylurea receptor 1/inwardly rectifying K+ channel 6.2 (SUR/Kir6. 2) selective potassium channel opener in human islets. Diabetes. 2004;53:1706–1713
  22. Wrede CE, Dickson LM, Lingohr MK, Briaud I, Rhodes CJ. Fatty acid and phorbol ester-mediated interference of mitogenic signaling via novel protein kinase C isoforms in pancreatic beta-cells (INS-1). J. Mol. Endocrinol. 2003;30:271–286
  23. Lewis GF, Carpentier A, Adeli K, Giacca A. Disordered fat storage and mobilization in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Endocr. Rev. 2002;23:201–229
  24. Hayden MR, Tyagi SC. Islet redox stress: the manifold toxicities of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and amylin derived islet amyloid in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J. Pancreas. 2002;3:86–108
  25. Piro S, Anello M, Di Pietro C, Lizzio MN, Patane G, Rabuazzo AM, et al. Chronic exposure to free fatty acids or high glucose induces apoptosis in rat pancreatic islets: possible role of oxidative stress. Metabolism. 2002;51:1340–1347
  26. Robertson RP. Chronic oxidative stress as a central mechanism for glucose toxicity in pancreatic islet beta cells in diabetes. J. Biol. Chem. 2004;279:42351–42354
  27. Robertson RP, Harmon J, Tran PO, Poitout V. Beta-cell glucose toxicity, lipotoxicity, and chronic oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2004;53:S119–S124
  28. Anello M, Lupi R, Spampinato D, Piro S, Masini M, Boggi U, et al. Functional and morphological alterations of mitochondria in pancreatic beta cells from type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetologia. 2005;48:282–289
  29. Hayden MR, Tyagi SC, Kerklo MM, Nicolls MR. Type 2 diabetes mellitus as a conformational disease. J. Pancreas. 2005;6:287–302
  30. Bell DSH. β-Cell rejuvenation with thiazolidinediones. Am. J. Med. 2003;115:20S–23S
  31. Staiger K, Stefan N, Staiger H, Brendel MD, Brandhorst D, Bretzel RG, et al. Adiponectin is functionally active in human islets but does not affect insulin secretory function or beta-cell lipoapoptosis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2005;90:6013–6707
  32. Ferrannini E. Insulin resistance versus insulin deficiency in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: problems and prospects. Endocr. Rev. 1998;19:477–490
  33. Boden G, Laakso M. Lipids and glucose in type 2 diabetes: what is the cause and effect?. Diab. Care. 2004;27:2253–2259
  34. Evans JL, Goldfine ID, Maddux BA, Grodsky GM. Are oxidative stress-activated signaling pathways mediators of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction?. Diabetes. 2003;52:1–8
  35. Marchetti P, Del Guerra S, Marselli L, Lupi R, Masini M, Pollera M, et al. Pancreatic islets from type 2 diabetic patients have functional defects and increased apoptosis that are ameliorated by metformin. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2004;89:5535–5541
  36. Patanè G, Piro S, Rabuazzo AM, Anello M, Vigneri R, Purrello F. Metformin restores insulin secretion altered by chronic exposure to free fatty acids or high glucose: a direct metformin effect on pancreatic beta-cells. Diabetes. 2000;49:735–740
  37. Lupi R, Del Guerra S, Fierabracci V, Marselli L, Novelli M, Marchetti P, et al. Lipotoxicity in human pancreatic islets and the protective effect of metformin. Diabetes. 2002;51:S134–S137
  38. Kefas BA, Cai Y, Kerckhofs K, Ling Z, Martens G, Heimberg H, et al. Metformin-induced stimulation of AMP-activated protein kinase in beta-cells impairs their glucose responsiveness and can lead to apoptosis. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2004;68:409–416
  39. Leclerc I, Woltersdorf WW, da Silva Xavier G, Rowe RL, Cross SE, et al. Metformin, but not leptin, regulates AMP-activated protein kinase in pancreatic islets: impact on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2004;286:E1023–E1031
  40. Smith SA. Central role of the adipocyte in the insulin-sensitising and cardiovascular risk modifying actions of the thiazolidinediones. Biochimie. 2003;85:1219–1230
  41. Yki-Järvinen H. Thiazolidinediones. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004;351:1106–1118
  42. Campbell IW. The clinical significance of PPAR gamma agonism. Curr. Mol. Med. 2005;5:349–363
  43. Higa M, Zhou YT, Ravazzola M, Baetens D, Orci L, Unger RH. Troglitazone prevents mitochondrial alterations, beta cell destruction, and diabetes in obese prediabetic rats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1996;96:11513–11538
  44. Smith SA, Lister CA, Toseland CD, Buckingham RE. Rosiglitazone prevents the onset of hyperglycaemia and proteinuria in the Zucker diabetic fatty rat. Diab. Obes. Metab. 2000;2:363–372
  45. Finegood DT, McArthur MD, Kojwang D, Thomas MJ, Topp BG, Leonard T, et al. β-Cell mass dynamics in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Rosiglitazone prevents the rise in net cell death. Diabetes. 2001;50:1021–1029
  46. Yajima K, Hirose H, Fujita H, Seto Y, Fujita H, Ukeda K, et al. Combination therapy with PPARgamma and PPARalpha agonists increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in db/db mice. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2003;284:E966–E971
  47. Diani AR, Sawada G, Wyse B, Murray FT, Khan M. Pioglitazone preserves pancreatic islet structure and insulin secretory function in three murine models of type 2 diabetes. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2004;286:E116–E122
  48. Ishida H, Takizawa M, Ozawa S, Nakamichi Y, Yamaguchi S, Katsuta H, et al. Pioglitazone improves insulin secretory capacity and prevents the loss of beta-cell mass in obese diabetic db/db mice: possible protection of beta cells from oxidative stress. Metabolism. 2004;53:488–494
  49. Kawasaki F, Matsuda M, Kanda Y, Inoue H, Kaku K. Structural and functional analysis of pancreatic islets preserved by pioglitazone in db/db mice. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2005;288:E510–E518
  50. Buse JB, Tan MH, Prince MJ, Erickson PP. The effects of oral anti-hyperglycaemic medications on serum lipid profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diab. Obes. Metab. 2004;6:133–156
  51. Miyazaki Y, Glass L, Triplitt C, Matsuda M, Cusi K, Mahankali A, et al. Effect of rosiglitazone on glucose and non-esterified fatty acid metabolism in Type II diabetic patients. Diabetologia. 2001;44:2210–2219
  52. Miyazaki Y, Mahankali A, Matsuda M, Mahankali S, Hardies J, Cusi K, et al. Effect of pioglitazone on abdominal fat distribution and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2002;87:2784–2791
  53. van Wijk JP, de Koning EJ, Castro Cabezas M, Rabelink TJ. Rosiglitazone improves postprandial triglyceride and free fatty acid metabolism in type 2 diabetes. Diab. Care. 2005;28:844–849
  54. Shadid S, Jensen MD. Pioglitazone increases non-esterified fatty acid clearance in upper body obesity. Diabetologia. 2006;49:149–157
  55. Matsui J, Terauchi Y, Kubota N, Takamoto I, Eto K, Yamashita T, et al. Pioglitazone reduces islet triglyceride content and restores impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in heterozygous peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma-deficient mice on a high-fat diet. Diabetes. 2004;53:2844–2854
  56. Zhou Y-T, Shimabukuro M, Wang M-Y, Lee Y, Higa M, Milburn JL, et al. Role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha in disease of pancreatic β-cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1998;95:8898–8903
  57. Dubois M, Pattou F, Kerr-Conte J, Gmyr V, Vandewalle B, Desreumaux P, et al. Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in normal human pancreatic islet cells. Diabetologia. 2000;43:1165–1169
  58. Kim HI, Kim JW, Kim SH, Cha JY, Kim KS, Ahn YH. Identification and functional characterization of the peroxisomal proliferator response element in rat GLUT2 promoter. Diabetes. 2000;49:1517–1524
  59. Kim HI, Cha JY, Kim SY, Kim JW, Roh KJ, Seong JK, et al. Peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-gamma upregulates glucokinase gene expression in beta-cells. Diabetes. 2002;51:676–685
  60. Parton LE, Diraison F, Neill SE, Ghosh SK, Rubino MA, Bisi JE, et al. Impact of PPARgamma overexpression and activation on pancreatic islet gene expression profile analyzed with oligonucleotide microarrays. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2004;287:E390–E404
  61. Rosen ED, Kulkarni RN, Sarraf P, Ozcan U, Okada T, Hsu C-H, et al. Targeted elimination of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ in β cells leads to abnormalities in islet mass without compromising glucose homeostasis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2003;23:7222–7229
  62. Richardson H, Campbell SC, Smith SA, Macfarlane WM. Effects of rosiglitazone and metformin on pancreatic beta cell gene expression. Diabetologia. 2006;49:685–696
  63. Masuda K, Okamoto Y, Tsuura Y, Kato S, Miura T, Tsuda K, et al. Effects of troglitazone (CS-045) on insulin secretion in isolated rat pancreatic islets and HIT cells: an insulinotropic mechanism distinct from glibenclamide. Diabetologia. 1995;38:24–30
  64. Kawai T, Hirose H, Seto Y, Fujita H, Fujita H, Ukeda K, et al. Troglitazone ameliorates lipotoxicity in the beta cell line INS-1 expressing PPAR gamma. Diab. Res. Clin. Pract. 2002;56:83–92
  65. Sunaga Y, Inagaki N, Gonoi T, Yamada Y, Ishida H, Seino Y, et al. Troglitazone but not pioglitazone affects ATP-sensitive K(+) channel activity. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1999;381:71–76
  66. Lupi R, Del Guerra S, Marselli L, Bugliani M, Boggi U, Mosca F, et al. Rosiglitazone prevents the impairment of human islet function induced by fatty acids: evidence for a role of PPARgamma2 in the modulation of insulin secretion. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2004;286:E560–E567
  67. Yuan L, An HX, Deng XL, Chen LL, Li ZY. Rosiglitazone reverses insulin secretion altered by chronic exposure to free fatty acid via IRS-2-associated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 2003;24:429–434
  68. Bollheimer LC, Kagerbauer SM, Buettner R, Kemptner DM, Palitzsch KD, Schölmerich J, et al. Synergistic effects of troglitazone and oleate on the translatability of preproinsulin mRNA from INS-1 cells. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2002;64:1629–1636
  69. Bollheimer LC, Troll S, Landauer H, Wrede CE, Schölmerich J, Buettner R. Insulin-sparing effects of troglitazone in rat pancreatic islets. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 2003;31:61–69
  70. Tian JY, Li G, Gu YY, Zhang HL, Zhou WZ, Wang X, et al. Role and mechanism of rosiglitazone on the impairment of insulin secretion induced by free fatty acids on isolated rat islets. Chin. Med. J. (Engl.). 2006;119:574–580
  71. Leonardi O, Mints G, Hussain MA. Beta-cell apoptosis in the pathogenesis of human type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2003;149:99–102
  72. Zeender E, Maedler K, Bosco D, Berney T, Donath MY, Halban PA. Pioglitazone and sodium salicylate protect human beta-cells against apoptosis and impaired function induced by glucose and interleukin-1beta. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2004;89:5059–5066
  73. Cnop M, Hannaert JC, Pipeleers DG. Troglitazone does not protect rat pancreatic beta cells against free fatty acid-induced cytotoxicity. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2002;63:1281–1285
  74. Hull RL, Shen ZP, Watts MR, Kodama K, Carr DB, Utzschneider KM, et al. Long-term treatment with rosiglitazone and metformin reduces the extent of, but does not prevent, islet amyloid deposition in mice expressing the gene for human islet amyloid polypeptide. Diabetes. 2005;54:2235–2244
  75. Lin CY, Gurlo T, Haataja L, Hsueh WA, Butler PC. Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma by rosiglitazone protects human islet cells against human islet amyloid polypeptide toxicity by a phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase-dependent pathway. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2005;90:6678–6686
  76. Wallace TM, Levy JC, Matthews DR. Use and abuse of HOMA modeling. Diab. Care. 2004;27:1487–1495
  77. Bergman RN, Ader M, Huecking K, Van Citters G. Accurate assessment of beta-cell function: the hyperbolic correction. Diabetes. 2002;51:S212–S220
  78. Lyssenko V, Almgren P, Anevski D, Perfekt R, Lahti K, Nissen M, et al. Predictors of and longitudinal changes in insulin sensitivity and secretion preceding onset of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2005;54:166–174
  79. Røder ME, Porte D, Schwartz RS, Kahn SE. Disproportionately elevated proinsulin levels reflect the degree of impaired B cell secretory capacity in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1998;83:604–608
  80. Miyazaki Y, He H, Mandarino LJ, DeFronzo RA. Rosiglitazone improves downstream insulin receptor signaling in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes. 2003;52:1943–1950
  81. Miyazaki Y, Matsuda M, DeFronzo RA. Dose–response effect of pioglitazone on insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes. Diab. Care. 2002;25:517–523
  82. Juhl CB, Hollingdal M, Pørksen N, Prange A, Lönnqvist F, Schmitz O. Influence of rosiglitazone treatment on beta-cell function in type 2 diabetes: evidence of an increased ability of glucose to entrain high-frequency insulin pulsatility. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2003;88:3794–3800
  83. Cavaghan MK, Ehrmann DA, Byrne MM, Polonsky KS. Treatment with the oral antidiabetic agent troglitazone improves beta cell responses to glucose in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. J. Clin. Invest. 1997;100:530–537
  84. Buchanan TA, Xiang AH, Peters RK, Kjos SL, Berkowitz K, Marroquin A, et al. Response of pancreatic beta-cells to improved insulin sensitivity in women at high risk for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2000;49:782–788
  85. Hung YJ, Hsieh CH, Pei D, Kuo SW, Lee JT, Wu LY, et al. Rosiglitazone improves insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.). 2005;62:85–91
  86. Ovalle F, Bell DSH. Effect of rosiglitazone versus insulin on the pancreatic β-cell function of subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diab. Care. 2004;27:2585–2589
  87. Smith SA, Porter LE, Biswas N, Freed MI. Rosiglitazone, but not glyburide, reduces circulating proinsulin and the proinsulin:insulin ratio in type 2 diabetes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2004;89:6048–6053
  88. Rosenblatt S, Miskin B, Glazer NB, Prince MJ, Robertson KE Pioglitazone 026 Study Group. The impact of pioglitazone on glycemic control and atherogenic dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Coron. Artery Dis. 2001;12:413–423
  89. Kerenyi Z, Samer H, James R, Yan Y, Stewart M. Combination therapy with rosiglitazone and glibenclamide compared with upward titration of glibenclamide alone in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diab. Res. Clin. Pract. 2004;63:213–223
  90. Wallace TM, Levy JC, Matthews DR. An increase in insulin sensitivity and basal beta-cell function in diabetic subjects treated with pioglitazone in a placebo-controlled randomized study. Diab. Med. 2004;21:568–576
  91. Tan MH, Baksi A, Krahulec B, Kubalski P, Stankiewicz A, Urquhart R, et al. Comparison of pioglitazone and gliclazide in sustaining glycemic control over 2 years in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diab. Care. 2005;28:544–550
  92. Urquhart R, Tan MH, Mariz S, Moules I, Edwards G. Long-term (2-year) effects on HOMA-%S, an estimate of insulin sensitivity, of pioglitazone, gliclazide and metformin as add-on therapies in patients with T2DM. Diabetes. 2004;53:A150;(abstract)
  93. Sreenan S, Sturis J, Pugh W, Burant CF, Polonsky KS. Prevention of hyperglycemia in the Zucker diabetic fatty rat by treatment with metformin or troglitazone. Am. J. Physiol. 1996;271:E742–E747
  94. Prisant LM. Preventing type II diabetes mellitus. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2004;44:406–413
  95. Skyler JS. Effects of glycemic control on diabetes complications and on the prevention of diabetes. Clin. Diab. 2004;22:162–166
  96. Curtis J, Wilson C. Preventing type 2 diabetes mellitus. J. Am. Board Fam. Pract. 2005;18:37–43
  97. Padwal R, Majumdar SR, Johnson JA, Varney J, McAlister FA. A systematic review of drug therapy to delay or prevent type 2 diabetes. Diab. Care. 2005;28:736–744
  98. Tuomilehto J, Lindström J, Eriksson JG, Valle TT, Hämäläinen H, Ilanne-Parikka P, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001;344:1343–1350
  99. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N. Engl. J. Med. 2002;346:393–403
  100. Pan XR, Li GW, Hu YH, Wang JX, Yang WY, An ZX, et al. Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance. The Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study. Diab. Care. 1997;20:537–544
  101. Kosaka K, Noda M, Kuzuya T. Prevention of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle intervention: a Japanese trial in IGT males. Diab. Res. Clin. Pract. 2005;67:152–162
  102. Examination Committee of Criteria for ’Obesity Disease’ in Japan (Japan Society for the Study of Obesity). New criteria for ’obesity disease’ in Japan. Circ. J. 2002;66:987–992
  103. Zhou BF and the Cooperative Meta-Analysis Group of the Working Group on Obesity in China. Predictive values of body mass index and waist circumference for risk factors of certain related diseases in Chinese adults—study on optimal cut-off points of body mass index and waist circumference in Chinese adults. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 2002;15:83–95
  104. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Role of insulin secretion and sensitivity in the evolution of type 2 diabetes in the Diabetes Prevention Program: effects of lifestyle intervention and metformin. Diabetes. 2005;54:2404–2414
  105. Li G, Hu Y, Yang W, Jiang Y, Wang J, Xiao J, et al. Effects of insulin resistance and insulin secretion on the efficacy of interventions to retard development of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the DA Qing IGT and Diabetes Study. Diab. Res. Clin. Pract. 2002;58:193–200
  106. Uusitupa M, Lindi V, Louheranta A, Salopuro T, Lindstrom J, Tuomilehto J, et al. Long-term improvement in insulin sensitivity by changing lifestyles of people with impaired glucose tolerance: 4-year results from the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Diabetes. 2003;52:2532–2538
  107. Palmer AJ, Roze S, Valentine WJ, Minshall ME, Lammert M, Oglesby A, et al. What impact would pancreatic beta-cell preservation have on life expectancy, quality-adjusted life expectancy and costs of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes? A projection using the CORE diabetes model. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 2004;20:S59–S66
  108. Holman RR, Blackwell L, Stratton IM, Manley SE, Tucker L, Frighi V. Six-year results from the Early Diabetes Intervention Trial. Diab. Med. 2003;20:15
  109. Li CL, Pan CY, Lu JM, Zhu Y, Wang JH, Deng XX, et al. Effect of metformin on patients with impaired glucose tolerance. Diab. Med. 1999;16:477–481
  110. Knowler WC, Hamman RF, Edelstein SL, Barrett-Connor E, Ehrmann DA, Walker EA, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes with troglitazone in the Diabetes Prevention Program. Diabetes. 2005;54:1150–1156
  111. Buchanan TA, Xiang AH, Peters RK, Kjos SL, Marroquin A, Goico J, et al. Preservation of pancreatic beta-cell function and prevention of type 2 diabetes by pharmacological treatment of insulin resistance in high-risk hispanic women. Diabetes. 2002;51:2796–2803
  112. Xiang AH, Peters RK, Kjos SL, Marroquin A, Goico J, Ochoa C, et al. Effect of pioglitazone on pancreatic beta-cell function and diabetes risk in Hispanic women with prior gestational diabetes. Diabetes. 2006;55:517–522
  113. Durbin RJ. Thiazolidinedione therapy in the prevention/delay of type 2 diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. Diab. Obes. Metab. 2004;6:280–285
  114. Chiasson J-L, Josse RG, Gomis R, Hanefeld M, Karasik A, Laakso M, et al. Acarbose for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the STOP-NIDDM randomised trial. Lancet. 2002;359:2072–2077
  115. Chiasson J-L, Josse RG, Gomis R, Hanefeld M, Karasik A, Laakso M, et al. Acarbose for the prevention of Type 2 diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance: facts and interpretations concerning the critical analysis of the STOP-NIDDM Trial data. Diabetologia. 2004;47:969–975
  116. Tourrel C, Bailbe D, Lacorne M, Meile MJ, Kergoat M, Portha B. Persistent improvement of type 2 diabetes in the Goto-Kakizaki rat model by expansion of the beta-cell mass during the prediabetic period with glucagon-like peptide-1 or exendin-4. Diabetes. 2002;51:1443–1452
  117. Li Y, Hansotia T, Yusta B, Ris F, Halban PA, Drucker DJ. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor signaling modulates beta cell apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 2003;278:471–478
  118. Pospisilik JA, Martin J, Doty T, Ehses JA, Pamir N, Lynn FC, et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor treatment stimulates beta-cell survival and islet neogenesis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes. 2003;52:741–750
  119. Mu J, Woods J, Zhou YP, Roy RS, Li Z, Zycband E, et al. Chronic inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 with a sitagliptin analog preserves pancreatic β-cell mass and function in a rodent model of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2006;55:1695–1704
  120. Ahren B, Pacini G, Foley JE, Schweizer A. Improved meal-related beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity by the dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor vildagliptin in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes over 1 year. Diab. Care. 2005;28:1936–1940
  121. Zander M, Christiansen A, Madsbad S, Holst JJ. Additive effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 and pioglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diab. Care. 2004;27:1910–1914
  122. Zinman B, Hoogwerf B, Duran Garcia S, Milton D, Giaconia J, Kim D, et al. Safety and efficacy of exenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using thiazolidenediones with or without metformin. Diabetes. 2006;55:A28;(abstract)
  123. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Effects of withdrawal from metformin on the development of diabetes in the Diabetes Prevention Program. Diab. Care. 2003;26:977–980
  124. Gerstein HC, Yusuf S, Holman R, Bosch J, Pogue J The DREAM Trial Investigators. Rationale, design and recruitment characteristics of a large, simple international trial of diabetes prevention: the DREAM trial. Diabetologia. 2004;47:1519–1527
  125. University of Texas Health Science Center News. ACT-NOW. http://www.uthscsa.edu/hscnews/singleformat.asp?newID=845.
  126. CAnadian Normoglycemia Outcomes Evaluation Website: http://canoestudy.ca. Accessed August 25, 2005.
  127. Ramachandran A. Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme (IDPP). In: Proceedings of the First International Congress on “Prediabetes” and the Metabolic Syndrome, Plenary Session: Pharmacological Prevention of Diabetes in High-risk Populations. Berlin, Germany, April 13–16. 2005;
  128. Borch-Johnsen K. The case for and against screening for type 2 diabetes. Diab. Voice. 2001;46:16–19
  129. Engelgau MM, Colagiuri S, Ramachandran A, Borch-Johnsen K, Venkat Narayan KM, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes: issues and strategies for identifying persons for interventions. Diab. Technol. Ther. 2004;6:874–882
  130. Xiang AH, Peters RK, Kjos SL, Goico J, Ochoa C, Marroquin A, et al. Pharmacological treatment of insulin resistance at two different stages in the evolution of type 2 diabetes: impact on glucose tolerance and beta-cell function. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2004;89:2846–2851
  131. Urquhart R, Edwards G, Maher LJ, Lee CE, Tan MH, Herz M. The coefficient of failure for HbA1C in drug naïve patients treated with pioglitazone, metformin or gliclazide monotherapy. Diabetes. 2003;52:A137–A1137
  132. Goke B, Lubben G, Bates PC. Coefficient of beta-cell failure in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with pioglitazone or acarbose. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diab. 2004;112:115–117
  133. Viberti G, Kahn SE, Greene DA, Herman WH, Zinman B, Holman RR, et al. A diabetes outcome progression trial (ADOPT): an international multicenter study of the comparative efficacy of rosiglitazone, glyburide, and metformin in recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Diab. Care. 2002;25:1737–1743
  134. American Diabetes Association (ADA), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) . Prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes. Diab. Care. 2004;27:S47–S54

PII: S0168-8227(06)00383-4

doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2006.08.015

Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice
Volume 76, Issue 2 , Pages 163-176 , May 2007

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution