Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice
Volume 74, Issue 2, Supplement , Pages S20-S29 , 30 November 2006

Optimal insulin treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes: Basal or prandial insulin supplementation?

References 

  1. Ohkubo Y, Kishikawa H, Araki E, Miyata T, Isami S, Motoyoshi S, et al. Intensive insulin therapy prevents the progression of diabetic microvascular complications in Japanese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a randomized prospective 6-year study. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 1995;28:103–117
  2. Shichiri M, Kishikawa H, Ohkubo Y, Wake N. Long-term results of the Kumamoto Study on optimal diabetes control in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(Suppl. 2):B21–B29
  3. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet. 1998;352:837–853
  4. Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HAW, Matthews DR, Manley SE, Cull CA, et al. Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study. BMJ. 2000;321:405–412
  5. Reaven GM. The role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes. 1988;37:1595–1607
  6. UK Prospective Diabetes Study 16. Overview of 6 years’ therapy of type 2 diabetes: a progressive disease. Diabetes. 1995;44:1249–1259
  7. Avignon A, Radauceanu A, Monnier L. Nonfasting plasma glucose is a better marker of diabetic control than fasting plasma glucose in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1997;20:1822–1826
  8. Monnier L, Lapinski H, Colette C. Contributions of fasting and postprandial plasma glucose increments to the overall diurnal hyperglycemia of type 2 diabetic patients: variation with increasing levels of HbA1c. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:881–885
  9. Haller H. Postprandial glucose and vascular disease. Diabetic Med. 1997;14:S50–S56
  10. Haller H. The clinical importance of postprandial glucose. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 1998;40(Suppl.):S43–S49
  11. Hanefeld M, Temelkova-Kurktschiev T. The postprandial state and the risk of atherosclerosis. Diabetic Med. 1997;14(Suppl. 3):S6–S11
  12. Ceriello A. The post-prandial state and cardiovascular disease: relevance to diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 2000;16:125–132
  13. Ceriello A. Postprandial hyperglycemia and diabetes complications: is it time to treat?. Diabetes. 2005;54:1–7
  14. The DECODE Study Group. European Diabetes Epidemiology Group. Glucose tolerance and mortality: comparison of WHO and American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria. Diabetes epidemiology: collaborative analysis of diagnostic criteria in Europe. Lancet. 1999;354:617–621
  15. Donahue RP, Abbott RD, Reed DM, Yano K. Postchallenge glucose concentration and coronary heart disease in men of Japanese ancestry. Honolulu Heart Program. Diabetes. 1987;36:689–692
  16. Barrett-Connor E, Ferrara A. Isolated postchallenge hyperglycemia and the risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in older women and men. The Rancho Bernardo Study. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:1236–1239
  17. Hanefeld M, Fischer S, Julius U, Schulze J, Schwanebeck U, Schmechel H, et al. Risk factors for myocardial infarction and death in newly detected NIDDM: the Diabetes Intervention Study, 11-year follow-up. Diabetologia. 1996;39:1577–1583
  18. Balkau A, Shipley M, Jarrett RJ, Pyorala K, Pyorala M, Forhan A, et al. High blood glucose concentration is a risk factor for mortality in middle-aged nondiabetic men. Twenty-year follow-up in the Whitehall Study, the Paris Prospective Study, and the Helsinki Policemen Study. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:360–367
  19. Shaw JE, Hodge AM, Courten de M, Chitson P, Zimmet PZ. Isolated post-challenge hyperglycaemia confirmed as a risk factor for mortality. Diabetologia. 1999;42:1050–1054
  20. Tominaga M, Eguchi H, Manaka H, Igarashi K, Kato T, Sekikawa A. Impaired glucose tolerance is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but not impaired fasting glucose. The Funagata Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care. 1999;22:920–924
  21. Chiasson J-L, Josse RG, Gomis R, Hanefeld M, Karasik A, Laakso M for the STOP-NIDDM Trial Research Group. Acarbose treatment and the risk of cardiovascular disease and hypertension in patients with impaired glucose tolerance. The STOP-NIDDM Trial, JAMA. 2003;290:486–494
  22. Esposito K, Giugliano D, Nappo F, Marfella R Campanian Postprandial Hyperglycemia Study Group. Regression of carotid atherosclerosis by control of postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 2004;110:214–219
  23. Turner RC, Cull CA, Frighi V, Holman RR UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Glycemic control with diet, sulfonylurea, metformin, or insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Progressive requirement for multiple therapies (UKPDS 49). JAMA. 1999;281:2005–2012
  24. European Diabetes Policy Group. A desktop guide to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Med. 1999;16:716–730
  25. Hirsch A. Insulin analogues. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005;352:174–183
  26. Wilde MI, McTavish D. Insulin lispro. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in the management of diabetes mellitus. Drugs. 1997;54:597–614
  27. Barnett AH, Owens DR. Insulin analogues. Lancet. 1997;349:47–51
  28. Gale AAM. Insulin lispro: the first insulin analogue to reach the market. Pract. Diabetes Int. 1996;13:122–124
  29. Bohannon NJV. Benefits of lispro insulin. Control of postprandial glucose levels is within reach. Postgrad. Med. 1997;101:73–80
  30. Anderson JH, Brunelle RL, Koivisto VA, Pfutzner A, Trautmann ME, Vignati L, et al. Reduction of postprandial hyperglycemia and frequency of hypoglycemia in IDDM patients on insulin-analog treatment. Diabetes. 1997;46:265–270
  31. Heinemann L, Heise T, Wahl LC, Trautmann ME, Ampudia J, Starke AA, et al. Prandial glycaemia after a carbohydrate-rich meal in type 1 diabetic patients: using the rapid acting insulin analogue [Lys(B28), Pro (B29)] human insulin. Diabetic Med. 1996;13:625–629
  32. Holleman A, Schmitt H, Rottiers R, Rees A, Symanowski S, Anderson JH. Reduced frequency of severe hypoglycemia and coma in well-controlled IDDM patients treated with insulin lispro. Diabetes Care. 1997;20:1827–1832
  33. Pfützner A, Küstner E, Forst T, Schulze-Schleppinghoff B, Trautmann ME, Haslbeck M, et al. Intensive insulin therapy with insulin lispro in patients with type 1 diabetes reduces the frequency of hypoglycemic episodes. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes. 1996;104:25–30
  34. Anderson JH, Brunelle RL, Keohane P, Koivisto VA, Trautmann ME, Vignati L, et al. Mealtime treatment with insulin analog improves postprandial hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Arch. Intern. Med. 1997;157:1249–1255
  35. Gammeltoft S, Hansen BF, Dideriksen L, Lindholm A, Schaffer L, Trub T, et al. Insulin aspart: a novel rapid-acting human insulin analogue. Expert Opin. Invest. Drugs. 1999;8:1431–1442
  36. Garg SK, Ellis SL, Ulrich H. Insulin glulisine: a new rapid-acting insulin analogue for the treatment of diabetes. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 2005;6:643–651
  37. Ahmed ABE, Home PD. The effect of the insulin analog lispro on nighttime blood glucose control in type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:32–37
  38. McCrimmon RJ, Frier BM. Symptomatic and physiological responses to hypoglycaemia induced by human soluble insulin and the analogue lispro human insulin. Diabetic Med. 1997;14:929–936
  39. Tsui AY, Chiasson JL, Tildesley H, Barnie A, Simkins S, Strack T, et al. Counterregulatory hormone responses after long-term continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion with lispro insulin. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:93–96
  40. Strachan MWJ, Frier BM. Optimal time of administration of insulin lispro. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:26–31
  41. Rutledge KS, Chase HP, Klingensmith GJ, Walravens PA, Slover RH, Garg SK. Effectiveness of postprandial Humalog in toddlers with diabetes. Pediatrics. 1997;100:968–972
  42. Plank J, Siebenhofer A, Berghold A, Jeitler K, Horvath K, Mrak P, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of short-acting insulin analogues in patients with diabetes mellitus. Arch. Intern. Med. 2005;165:1337–1344
  43. Milicevic Z, Raz I, Strojek K, Skrha J, Tan MH, Wyatt JW, et al. Hyperglycemia and its effect after acute myocardial infarction on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (HEART2D) Study design. J. Diabetes Complic. 2005;19:80–87
  44. Home PD, Ashwell SG. An overview of insulin glargine. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 2002;18(Suppl. 3):S57–S63
  45. Yki-Jarvinen H, Dressler A, Ziemen M The HOE 901/3002 Study Group. Less nocturnal hypoglycemia and better post-dinner glucose control with bedtime insulin glargine compared with bedtime NPH insulin during insulin combination therapy in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2000;23:1130–1136
  46. Rosenstock J, Schwartz S, Clark CJ, Park G, Donley D, Edwards M. Basal insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes: 28-week comparison of insulin glargine (HOE 901) and NPH insulin. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:631–636
  47. Riddle M, Rosenstock J, Gerich J the Insulin Glargine 4002 Study Investigators. The treat-to-target trial: randomized addition of glargine or human NPH insulin to oral therapy of type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:3080–3086
  48. Massi-Benedetti M, Humburg E, Dressler A, Ziemen M. A 1-year, randomised, multicentre trial comparing insulin glargine with NPH insulin in combination with oral agents in patients with type 2 diabetes. Horm. Metab. Res. 2003;35:189–196
  49. Yki-Jarvinen H. Insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes: role of the long-acting insulin glargine analogue. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 2004;34:410–416
  50. Rosenstock J, Dailey G, Massi-Benedetti M, Fritshce A, Lin Z, Salzman A. Reduced hypoglycemia risk with insulin glargine. A meta-analysis comparing insulin glargine with human NPH insulin in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:950–955
  51. Wang F, Carabino JM, Vergara CM. Insulin glargine: a systematic review of a long-acting insulin analogue. Clin. Ther. 2003;25:1541–1577
  52. Rosenstock J. Basal insulin supplementation in type 2 diabetes; refining the tactics. Am. J. Med. 2004;116(Suppl. 3A):10S–16S
  53. Davies M, Storms F, Shutler S, Bianchi-Biscay M, Gomis R AT.LANTUS Study Group. Improvement of glycaemic control in subjects with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes: comparison of two treatment algorithms using insulin glargine. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1282–1288
  54. Janka HU, Plewe G, Riddle MC, Kliebe-Frisch C, Schweitzer MA, Yki-Jarvinen H. Comparison of basal insulin added to oral agents versus twice-daily premixed insulin as initial insulin therapy for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:254–259
  55. Yki-Jarvinen H, Kauppinen-Makelin R, Tiikkainen M, Vahatalo M, Virtamo H, Nikkila K, et al. Insulin glargine or NPH combined with metformin in type 2 diabetes: the LANMET study. Diabetologia. 2006;49:442–451
  56. Riddle MC. Timely initiation of basal insulin. Am. J. Med. 2004;116(Suppl. 3A):3S–9S
  57. Chapman TM, Perry CM. Insulin detemir: a review of its use in the management of type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs. 2004;64:2577–2595
  58. Haak T, Tiengo A, Draeger E, Suntum M, Waldhausl W. Lower within-subject variability of fasting blood glucose and reduced weight gain with insulin detemir compared to NPH insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diab. Obes. Metab. 2005;7:56–64
  59. Halimi S, Raskin P, Liebl A, Kawamori R, Fulcher G, Yan G. Efficacy of biphasic insulin aspart in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin. Ther. 2005;27(Suppl. B):S57–S74
  60. Raskin P, Allen E, Hollander P, Lewin A, Gabbay RA, Hu P, et al. Initiating insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes: a comparison of biphasic and basal insulin analogs. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:260–265
  61. Garber AJ. Premixed insulin analogues for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Drugs. 2006;66:31–49
  62. Roach P, Arora V, Campaigne BN, Mattoo V, Rangwala S the India Mix25/Mix50 Study Group. Humalog Mix50 before carbohydrate-rich meals in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diab. Obes. Metab. 2003;5:311–316
  63. Schernthaner G, Kopp H-P, Ristic S, Muzyka B, Peter L, Mitteregger G. Metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes using Humalog Mix50 injected three times daily: crossover comparison with human insulin 30/70. Horm. Metab. Res. 2004;36:188–193
  64. Leiter LA, Ceriello A, Davidson JA, Hanefeld M, Monnier L, Owens DR, et al. Postprandial glucose regulation: new data and new implications. Clin. Ther. 2005;27(Suppl. B):S42–S56

PII: S0168-8227(06)00257-9

doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2006.06.009

Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice
Volume 74, Issue 2, Supplement , Pages S20-S29 , 30 November 2006

Article Tools